PT-91 Twardy
(PT-91)

PT-91 Twardy
Type - Main battle tank
Place of origin - Poland
Production history
Manufacturer - Bumar-Łabędy
No. built - Around 285
Specifications
Mass - 45.9 tonnes
Length - 6.95 m (9.67 with barrel in forward position)
Width - 3.59 m
Height - 2.19 m
Crew - 3
Armor - composite armour; front and side armour laminated; front, side and top armour behind Erawa-1/Erawa-2 ERA, steel side anti-cumulative screens
Main armament - 1 × 125 mm 2A46 (D-81TM) gun (42 rounds)
Secondary armament - 1 × 7.62 mm PKT coaxial general-purpose machine gun (2,000 rounds), 1 × 12.7 mm NSVT heavy machine gun (300 rounds)
Engine - PZL-Wola S-12U diesel / 850 hp (634 kW)
Power/weight - 18.5 hp/tonne (13.8 kW/tonne)
Transmission - Manual
Suspension - torsion-bar
Ground clearance - 395 mm
Fuel capacity - 1,000 L
Operational range - 650 km (700 km with extra fuel tanks)
Maximum speed - 60 km/h

PT-91M Pendekar
Type - Main battle tank
Place of origin - Poland
Service history
Used by - Malaysia
Specifications
Mass - 48.5 tonnes
Length - 6.86 m (10.03 m with barrel in forward position)
Width - 3.70 m
Height - 2.60 m
Crew - 3
Armor - composite armour; front and side armour laminated; front, side and top armour behind Erawa-1/Erawa-2 ERA, steel side anti-cumulative screens
Main armament - 1 × 125 mm 2A46MS gun (40 rounds)
Secondary armament - 1 × 7.62 mm FN MAG coaxial general-purpose machine gun (2,000 rounds), 1 x 12.7 mm FN M2 HB anti-aircraft heavy machine gun (250 rounds)
Engine - PZL-Wola S-1000R diesel / 1,000 hp (735 kW)
Power/weight - 20.6 hp/t (16 kW/t)
Transmission - Automatic RENK-SESM/ESM-350M
Suspension - torsion-bar
Ground clearance - 395 mm
Maximum speed - 70 km/h

T-72 tank - T-72M4CZ / PT-91 Twardy / M-84 / M-84AS1 / M-84D / M-95 Degman / TR-125 / Tank EX / Lion of Babylon

The PT-91 Twardy (Polish pronunciation: [ˈtfar.dɨ], English: Tough) is a Polish main battle tank. A development of the T-72M1, it entered service in 1995. The PT-91 was designed at the OBRUM (Ośrodek Badawczo-Rozwojowy Urządzeń Mechanicznych, or Research and Development Centre for Mechanical Appliances) and is produced by the Bumar Łabędy company, part of the Bumar Group, a Polish technical military consortium. Changes from the T-72M include a new dual-axis stabilized fire-control system, reactive armour, a more powerful engine, transmission and new automatic loader.
Unlike many other T-72 upgrades, Polish Army PT-91s feature elements created almost exclusively by domestic companies, including the new engine, fire control system, and all communication system elements. Many of the elements were used to upgrade existing fleets of T-72 tanks in countries including the Czech Republic (T-72M4 CZ), Georgia (T-72SIM-1), and India (T-72 Ajeya Mk. 2). A total of 232 PT-91 tanks were delivered to the Polish Land Forces: 92 newly built vehicles and 140 from refurbished T-72A and T-72M1 tanks, designated PT-91M1 and PT-91MA1, respectively.
History
In the late 1980s, the Polish Army modernized all of its obsolete T-55 tanks to the T-55AM Mérida standard. The successful conversion convinced the General Staff that similar modernization programs could be applied to other Soviet-designed tanks made in Poland and used by the Polish Armed Forces. In late 1988, the decision was made to prepare the modernization of the T-72M1, using experience gained from the production of licensed T-72M (obiekt 172M-E3 - Polish army designation T-72), T-72M1 (obiekt 172M-E5) and T-72M1K (Polish army designation T-72M1D).
The Gliwice-based OBRUM, the Research and Development Centre of Mechanical Systems (Polish: Ośrodek Badawczo-Rozwojowy Urządzeń Mechanicznych) was chosen as the main design bureau. However, initially, the work progressed at a very slow pace, mainly because the Polish General Staff was also considering the purchase of a newer version of the T-72 (T-72S) or the modern T-80.
After the political upheaval of 1989 and dissolution of the Soviet bloc, Polish-Soviet talks on purchase of modern tanks came to a halt and support for designing a new Polish tank gained momentum. The first design proposed by the bureau was code-named Wilk (Polish for wolf), but the project was canceled. Instead, priority was shifted to a different project named Twardy.
The basic aim of the T-72 conversion was to adapt it to the reality of modern warfare and fix its most visible deficiencies. Among those were low mobility, insufficient armour, lack of a fire control system and poor stabilisation of the main gun, which resulted in poor firing accuracy. An additional problem was the lack of passive night vision aiming systems.
Development
Starting in July 1991, T-72 modernization programs were implemented by the Bumar-Labedy factory, which had been producing T-72s under Soviet license. The modernized main battle tank was designated the PT-91 Twardy. Bumar-Labedy enhanced the tank's armour protection, fire control system and the engine. In 1993, the Polish Defense Ministry ordered 20 PT-91 tanks, to be used for field trials and armed forces tests.
The new ERAWA [pl] dynamic armour, developed by the Poland Military-Technical Institute, increased the main battle tank's protection from high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) projectiles and missiles. The protection consisted of 394 tiles with explosives, which would detonate in case of a direct hit. The tiles cover 9 m2 of the tank: 108 are placed on the turret, 118 on the hull and 84 on each side's anti-HEAT screens. The Twardy uses steel anti-HEAT screens instead of the rubber one used on the T-72.
The ERAWA tiles fit together almost without gaps, unlike those on the modernized Soviet T-72 which measure up to 10-15 mm, noticeably decreasing their defensive effectiveness. There are two ERAWA modifications: ERAWA-1 and -2, differing in weight of the explosives. Experiments showed that the ERAWA dynamic defense decreases the high-explosive jet impact depth by 50-70% and penetrator (APFSDS) projectiles by 30-40%. Furthermore, ERAWA's explosive containers do not detonate when hit by a shot of up to 30 mm calibre or by shell or mine fragments, or when covered in burning napalm or petrol.
The Twardy is armed with the same 125 mm smoothbore gun 2A46 used in the T-72, fitted with an automatic reloading mechanism which reduced the tank crew by one, as it replaced the gun loader, and gives a rate of fire of 8 to 10 rounds per minute. Additional armament comprises the 7.62 mm PKT coaxial general-purpose machine gun and 12.7 mm NSVT anti-aircraft heavy machine gun. The PT-91 has a thermosmoke device, generating smoke screens from fuel, and 24 grenade launchers fitted with smoke, anti-personnel frag, or tear gas grenades developed specifically to provide a non-lethal protection.
The modernization of the fire control system started by replacing the older Soviet two plane stabilizer 2Є28M with a new stabilizer developed in Slovakia. It has an electronic information block showing the tank's technical condition. Furthermore, it informs the commander when the effective sighted fire becomes ineffective because of an excessively high cross-country speed or other reasons.
The Drawa (uzbrojenie) [pl] fire control system, developed by Polish engineers, contains the gunner's day sight PCD and the TES thermovision night sight developed by the Israeli company El-Op, the commander's combined day-night passive observation and aiming sight POD-72, a ballistic computer, a laser rangefinder, and a data system processing information for the ballistic computer. The sighting of the ballistic computer depends on the target's speed, weather conditions, projectile temperature, and projectile type.
The driver uses the US-DK-1 control and diagnostic complex to control the tank's main systems, displaying information on a monitor. The driver's night sight was replaced by the Radomka passive night sight.
The modernized tank's increased weight led the developers to add a more powerful engine. It is a 12-cylinder S-12U diesel engine, a modernized version of the Soviet V-46-6, produced in Warsaw by PZL-Wola (generating 850 hp instead of 780). The main improvement is the modernized fuel and air injection system. This caused a noticeable decrease in the tank's road endurance. The latest Twardy variants have the 1,000 hp S-1000 engine with a turbocharger.

Variants

PT-91 Twardy
Production variant for the Polish Army, an extensively modernized development of the T-72M1. Most of the vehicles are equipped with a SKO-1M Drawa-1T dual-axis stabilized fire control system (with TES - Thermal Elbow Sight - total number of delivered thermal sights is 202) though some early production vehicles have a SKO-1 Drawa (with NV sight), Erawa reactive armour, a PCO SSC-1 Obra-1 laser-warning system and 850 hp PZL-Wola S-12U engine. The first 20 initial production vehicles were delivered to Polish Land Forces in 1993-1994. Another 78 full-scale production vehicles were delivered 1995-1997, 135 modernized T-72M1 tanks (made in the late 80s) were delivered between 1998-2002. Both new and modernized tanks have the same combat capabilities. The Polish Army uses PT-91s in 3 variants- PT-91, PT-91M and the PT-91MA1.
PT-91A Twardy
Development variant with a PZL-Wola S-1000 1,000 hp engine with mechanic transmission and a number of other minor changes. Used for trials and as a demonstrator on military exhibitions.
PT-91Z Hardy
(Z for Zmodernizowany - literally Modernized) Further development with a SAGEM Savan-15 fire control system. In live fire tests the Savan-15 has a minor advantage in accuracy over the Drawa. The biggest advantage was a new gun stabilization system that gave the tank a significant increase in accuracy when the tank is on the move. Later it was used as a base to develop the PT-91M. This variant has won a number of stress tests in Malaysia over the T-90, T-84 and K1 tanks, and has won the competition for a new Malaysian MBT. Only one prototype was made.
PT-91M Pendekar
...(M for Malaysia) - production export variant for Malaysia with a Sagem Savan-15 fire control system, a new 1,000 hp powerpack with Renk automatic transmission bringing its top speed to 70 km/h. Its main gun has been changed to a ZTS 2A46MS 125 mm gun, a 7.62 mm FN MAG coaxial machine gun and a 12.7 mm FN Browning M2 HB AA machine gun. This variant is equipped with Sagem panoramic sight, a Sagem laser gyro inertial navigation system, turret stabilisation system, Obra-3 laser-warning system, integrated with 81 mm smoke grenade launchers, CBRN warning and protection system, Thales communication systems. ERAWA 2 Explosive Reactive Armour, and German-made tank tracks (Diehl Defence). Two prototypes made (renamed PT-91E and PT-91Ex), 48 serial PT-91M Malaj vehicles produced 2007-2009.
PT-91E/Ex
...(E for Export) - renamed prototypes of the PT-91M used as demonstrators of the export variant shown at military exhibitions. The PT-91E is a first prototype initially named SP1 (it is the same vehicle as was shown on military parade in Kuala Lumpur in 2005). PT-91Ex is a second prototype named SP2. Both vehicles faced a number of tests in Malaysia. SP1 was used for traction tests and has been driven 7000 km offroad in Malaysia,. SP2 achieved 2000 km with 500 firings of the main cannon. The PT-91Ex is very similar to PT-91M, and is offered for export to other countries.
PT-91P
...(P for Peru) - A demonstrator for the SITDEF Peru'2009 military exhibition. A cheaper alternative to the PT-91Ex. This variant is equipped with newest PCO Drawa-TG fire control system with a thermal sight and modern communication system (Radmor RRC9310 radio, WB Electronics Fonet-IP communication system and Teldat battlefield management system). The vehicle was shown at a number of South American events including SITDEF Peru'2009 Expo.
PT-72U / PT-91U / PT-91EU
...(U for Urbanizowany - Tank to fight in urbanized terrain) - A demonstrator for the MSPO 2011 military exhibition. This is an offer for the Polish Army which involves certain modifications of the T-72 and PT-91 tanks. The modification includes installation of additional equipment, as remote-controlled cannon with an optical system, an omnidirectional observation system, add-on armour, and further engineering equipment. The PT-72U is equipped with a remote controlled weapon station armed with a 12.7 mm machine gun mounted to the crew commander hatch. The system had a fire rotation of 360° and an elevation angle for the gun from -5° to 55°.
The observation system is equipped with 8 day-night cameras with the observation angle 55° and a rotary passive camera FLIR which has up to 26 times optical zoom. The armour package has chassis and turret bar armour. The bottom of the chassis is equipped with reactive armour and add-on armour. The PT-72U is equipped with a full range of new modern internal and external communication tools, which allow communication also via the internet. There were plans to modernize 84 Armenian T-72s to the PT-72U standard.
PT-16
A further development introduced in 2016. Upgrades include improved armour, armament, and mobility. The hull armour and cast turret have been upgraded with add-on composite armour equivalent to up to 1000 mm RHA (rolled homogeneous armour), supplied by Germany. The protection can be improved with Polish ERAWA explosive reactive armour. The 125 mm smoothbore cannon has been replaced with a 120 mm smoothbore cannon compatible with NATO ammunition and uses a carousel-type autoloader. This autoloader is separate from the crew compartment, where the T-72 autoloader was located. The manned 12.7 mm machine gun has been upgraded to be remotely operated.
Other improvements include an upgraded fire control system. The tank is proposed to be fitted with a new engine, options for which include an unspecified Serbian turbocharged diesel, a German 1088 hp, Serbian V46-TK, and potential, to be developed, 1200 hp engines. Other improvements include rubber skirts covering the lower hull and the tracks, and new tracks based on those found on German Leopard 2s, which can be fitted with deep wading kits to allow it to ford water obstacles up to 13 feet (4 meters) deep. The upgrade can be applied to both PT-91s and T-72M1s, of which Poland has a total of 823 (233 PT-91s, 120 active T-72M1s, and 470 reserve T-72M1s). The vehicle did not enter mass production.
PT-17
The main goals of the PT-17 tank were to increase firepower and fire maneuverability, increase mobility and survivability on the battlefield, improve crew comfort and increase mission duration. The Demonstrator was developed in cooperation with Ukrainian companies that supplied the tank turret. The PT-17's power range includes a S1000R ESM-350M engine and a reinforced suspension. DIEHL rubber tracks are used. The chassis equipment included an auxiliary power generator (APU), air conditioning, a new steering system with shuttlecock and a day/night reversing camera PCO KDN-1 Nyks.
The tank turret is a Ukrainian construction. The Ukrainian KBM-2 smooth 120 mm cannon with a barrel length of L50 and a 22 mm ammunition charge unit mounted in the niche of the turret. The total ammunition capacity is 50 shells. The car's armament is supplemented by a 7.62 mm caliber machine gun and a remotely mounted ZSMU-1276 armament module manufactured by Zakłady Mechaniczne "Tarnów" S.A. The turret was equipped with stabilized sight-and-sight optics, GOC-1 Nike and GOD-1 Iris from PCO S.A and BMS. Optionally, the manufacturer advises on the use of Safran's VIGY-15 panoramic day-observation device.
Survival of the tank on the battlefield is expected to increase the additional composite armour of both the hull and the turret, as well as the installed PCO SSP-1 OBRA-3 universal self-propelled vehicle system and two 6-gun intermittent grenade launchers.
Installed on the demonstrator systems are just an example of the possibilities. Ultimately, they can be configured according to the needs of the potential recipient.
PT-91M2
Although PT-91M2's PT-91M2 modernization objectives are the same as PT-17, the range of PT-91M2 varies considerably. The S-12U engine is powered by an 850-horsepower engine with the enhanced mechanical transmission (Cx version). Tracks come with rubber overlays developed by Obrum / Bumar. Like the PT-17, reinforced suspension (torsion shafts, shock absorbers, and elastomer bumpers) are used. Among the chassis, equipment included the auxiliary power generator (APU), the modernized rotary car charger, the night vision driver PNK-72 "Radomka" and the night-time reversing camera PCO KDN-1 Nyks. Hull protection provides the ERAWA III reactive armour and rod armour at the rear of the chassis.
The increase in firepower is planned to be achieved by installing a 125 mm 2M46MS caliber Slovak cannon and the length of the L48 barrel. Inside the turret also changed the location of the second round of ammunition. Significant, the PT-91M2 demonstrated a SAVAN-15 French fire control system (SAVAN-15) from Safran, previously used in PT-91M tanks in Malaysia. A TKN-3z night vision mount is available for the commander. The PT-91M2 has a SOD Observation System, the universal PCO SSP-1 OBRA-3 vehicle self-propelled system (both PCO S.A.) and two modules, each with 12 smoke grenades 902A. Additional protection for the turret includes ERAWA reactive armour modules.

Related vehicles

WZT-3
WZT is the acronym of for Wóz Zabezpieczenia Technicznego literally Technical Support Vehicle: it indicates a family of armoured recovery vehicles based on the PT-91/T-72 tank hull, with over 400 vehicles delivered to the clients. It is armed with a 12.7 mm (1⁄2 in) machine-gun fitted to the commander's hatch. Standard equipment includes: crane with telescopic jib that can lift a maximum load of fifteen tonnes, front-mounted stabilizing dozer blade, main and secondary winches.

WZT-3 - A T-72 based variant for Polish Army - 20 vehicles
WZT-3M - A PT-91 based variant for Polish Army - 9 new vehicles and 20 WZT-3 upgraded to this standard
M-84AI - A M-84A based variant, made on licence in Yugoslavia - 15 vehicles for Kuwait
ARV-3 - A T-72 based variant for Indian Army - 352 vehicles made
WZT-4 - A PT-91M based variant for Malaysian Army (technically this vehicle is closely related to MID-M) - 6 vehicles

MID Bizon-S
(MID for Maszyna Inżynieryjno-Drogowa - lit. Engineering-Roading Machine; Bizon is Polish for Bison) - Polish engineering tank based on the PT-91 tank hull.

MID - A PT-91 based variant for Polish Army - 8 vehicles
MID-M - A PT-91M based variant for Malaysian Army - 3 vehicles

PMC
(PMC for Pomocniczy Most Czołgowy - lit. Auxiliary Tank Bridge) - Polish Armoured Vehicle Launched Bridge is a close-support bridgelayer. The PMC-90, developed on the basis of PT-91, is able to carry out missions required to operations of combat forces.
PMC-90 - PT-91 based prototype vehicle with MLC-60 bridge. Not adopted.
PMC-Leguan - PT-91M based variant for Malaysia equipped with the 26 m (87 ft) long MLC 60 Leguan bridge system. 5 vehicles for Malaysia.
MG-20 Daglezja-G (MG for Most Gąsienicowy - lit. Tracked Bridge) - a tracked bridge system, based on a lengthened T-72 chassis with one additional road wheel, equipped with a MLC-70 bridge system. Closely related to a truck based MS-20 Daglezja. Currently in development phase, it is expected to replace a T-55 based BLG-67M bridges in Polish Army.
PZA Loara
The PZA (Przeciwlotniczy Zestaw Artyleryjski, meaning "AA Artillery System"; “Loara” means “Loire” in Polish) is an armoured self-propelled anti-aircraft artillery system developed in the late 1990s. Based around the Twardy chassis, this system mounts an armoured turret holding two Oerlikon KDA 35 mm cannons linked to a radar fire control system. It was planned that it would work closely together with PZR “Loara” (anti-aircraft rocket system) vehicles built on the basis of the PZA Loara but that project is currently on hold. The Loara is an autonomous fire unit capable of performing its tasks independently or acting as a component of a wider air defense system.
The system has two radars, 3D search radar and engagement radar. The search radar has a range of 26 km (16 mi) and is capable of tracking and identifying up to 64 targets at once. The radar system can be operated on the move, refreshing its data every second. The system has a laser range-finder, TV and FLIR cameras giving the system both all-weather day/night capabilities and the ability to operate entirely passively in a heavy ECM environment. The system has a reaction time less than 10 seconds. The system can engage aircraft flying at altitudes from very low altitudes up to 5,000 m (16,500 ft), and flying at speeds up to 500 m/s (1,125 mph). It is effective against infantry, lightly armoured ground and naval targets.
SJ-09
SJ-09 is one of the elements of the T-72 and PT-91 crew training system. The system is composed of both trainers teaching crew trainees how to operate different systems of the tank and simulators allowing training more advanced situations. For example, the SJ-02 is used to teach how to load the main gun. The SJ-09 is the driver training vehicle used to train drivers in operating of the vehicle as big and heavy as main battle tank. The vehicle is a tank chassis that has the turret replaced with an instructor station. All unnecessary equipment (like side skirts) were removed. The vehicle has a dummy main gun that obstructs the driver's view, like in the real tank. Vehicles used by the Polish Army were rebuilt from the few original T-72 Ural in Polish inventory delivered from Soviet Union. Another vehicle was built new for the Malaysian Army as a part of the PT-91M order.
PT-94 Goryl
(Goryl is Polish for Gorilla) - project of a Polish main battle tank designed using experience gained on PT-91 project. The tank would be similar in its design to Merkava (engine at front), and it would feature redesigned engine, transmission and fire control system. Armour: composite + ERA, main armament: 120/125 mm gun, 60 mm mortar, secondary armament: 7.62 mm PKT coaxial machine gun, 12.7 mm NSWT AA machine gun, crew: 3. This program was also known under the name Anders. The program was canceled at an early stage.
PT-97 Gepard
The Gepard (Polish for Cheetah), sometimes known as PT-2001, is another modification project of a Polish main battle tank prepared as a future modernisation programme for the T-72 family. The programme was called for, after the first PT-91 proposition fell below requirements. Two propositions were submitted, one by Bumar which provided a project with modified frontal armour, different mortar and sporting a Leclerc-like a turret with the 2A46 main gun. OBRUM's competing project had new front and sides reactive armour and a L-44 main gun.
Despite considerable improvements, neither was approved for financial reasons, and no prototypes were built. However, design experience helped with new PT-91 versions.
Krab
The Krab (Polish for Crab) is a 155 mm self-propelled howitzer designed by HSW S.A. with a OBRUM's UPG-NG chassis (a heavily modified variant of the SPG-1M vehicle) which utilizes only a handful of components from the PT-91 program such as the road wheels, suspension and S-12U power plant. It combines these with a licensed AS-90M Braveheart turret armed with a 52-calibre gun and WB Electronics Artillery Fire Control System Topaz.
In 2014, this configuration was abandoned due to manufacturing flaws (microfractures detected in the vehicle's welded steel plates), numerous reliability concerns related to the automotive performance of the chassis and the loss of the Polish manufacturing line for the S-12U engine, and was replaced by the Korean-made K9 tracked chassis.

Operational history

Poland
233 PT-91s were delivered between 1995 and 2002. 232 vehicles remain in service. An early prototype is preserved in the Land Forces Training Center museum in Poznań. 38 support vehicles were based on the T-72/PT-91 hull (29 WZT-3M armoured recovery vehicles, 8 MID engineering tanks, and 1 prototype PZA Loara self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon).

Number of PT-91s delivered to Polish Land Forces each year
1995-1996 - 1997 - 1998 - 1999 - 2000 - 2001 - 2002
58 - 58 - 7 - 33 - 50 - 20 - 7

Units equipped with the PT-91 Twardy:
 - 1 Warszawska Brygada Pancerna (1st Armoured Brigade) - one battalion, Warsaw district - Wesoła
 - 2 Brygada Zmechanizowana Legionów (2nd Mechanised Brigade) - one battalion, Złocieniec
 - 9 Brygada Kawalerii Pancernej (9th Armoured Cavalry Brigade) - two battalions, Braniewo
 - Centrum Szkolenia Wojsk Lądowych (Land Forces Training Center) - Poznań
Former units equipped with PT-91 Twardy:
 - 10 Brygada Kawalerii Pancernej (10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade) - Świętoszów (replaced with Leopard 2A4)
 - 15 Wielkopolska Brygada Kawalerii Pancernej (15th Armoured Cavalry Brigade) - Wędrzyn (unit disbanded in June 2007)
 - 17 Wielkopolska Brygada Zmechanizowana (17th Mechanized Brigade) - Międzyrzecz (replaced with KTO Rosomak)
 - 34 Brygada Kawalerii Pancernej (34th Armoured Cavalry Brigade) - Żagań (replaced with Leopard 2A5)
At the introduction of PT-91, the intention of Polish General Staff was to equip all brigades of the 11th Armoured Cavalry Division with the PT-91. At the time, the division had four brigades: the 10th Armoured Cavalry, 15th Armoured Cavalry, 17th Mechanised, and 34th Armoured Cavalry.
In 2002, the 10th Armoured Cavalry brigade received Leopard 2A4 tanks donated to Poland by Germany. In 2007, the 15th Armoured Cavalry brigade was disbanded and the 17th Mechanised received the first KTO Rosomak. All these changes allowed the reallocation of PT-91s to other divisions, replacing the oldest T-72s. In early 2014, the 34th Brigade from Żagań received the first Leopard 2A5 tanks, shifting its PT-91s to the 9th Brigade in Braniewo, which previously used the T-72M1.
A typical Polish PT-91 tank battalion is equipped with 58 tanks, composed of four frontline companies with 14 vehicles each, and 2 tanks for the battalion commander and the battalion second in command. Every company of 14 tanks is composed of three platoons, with 4 tanks in each and 2 tanks for the company commander and company's second in command.
Malaysia
In 2007-2009, Bumar Łabędy delivered to Malaysia 48 PT-91M and 15 support vehicles (6 WZT-4 {WZT-91M} armoured recovery vehicle, 3 MID-M {MID-91M} engineering tank, 5 PMC Leguan {PMC-91M} - armoured vehicle-launched bridge and one SJ-09 driver training tank), ammo, spares and support for US$370 million. Operating capability was reached 1 September 2010.
Units equipped with PT-91M:
Rejimen ke-11 Kor Armour DiRaja - (11th Regiment of Royal Armoured Corps) - Gemas
Rejimen ke-11 KAD is the sole user of PT-91M in the Malaysian Army.

Number of PT-91M delivered to Malaysian Land Forces each year
2005 - 2006 - 2007 - 2008 - 2009
SP1 prototype for trials - SP2 prototype for trials - 6 - 24 - 18 + 15 support vehicles

Georgia
Upgraded Georgian army T-72SIM-1 tanks use the Drawa-T fire control system, a development of the fire control system on the PT-91. The FCS is equipped with laser range finder and thermal imaging sensor. The system is slightly different from the one used on Polish PT-91s: the commander uses an LCD screen instead of an eyepiece. The Thermal Elbow Sight thermal imaging sensor used in Georgian tanks is of the same (Israeli) origin as the one used on the PT-91, though the external housing is different.
India
In April 1999, India ordered 44 WZT-3 armoured recovery vehicles, followed by orders in April 2002 (80 vehicles) and July 2005 (228 vehicles) for a total of 352 WZT-3s. These vehicles are used to support the T-72 and T-90 main battle tanks. Deliveries began in 2001, and India was planning to upgrade its Ajeya Mk1 tanks (local name for T-72M1) to Ajeya Mk2 standard, with some elements from PT-91, such as the Drawa-TE1 fire control system and the PZL-Wola S-1000 engine.
In October 2011, the Indian Defense Ministry announced that the state-owned BEML would produce an additional 204 WZT-3 armoured recovery vehicles - taking the total to 556 vehicles. The Ministry also clarified that no global tender was floated because it was a repeat order.

Operators

Current operators
 Poland
92 PT-91 / 27 PT-91MA / 113 PT-91MA1
 Malaysia
48 PT-91M Pendekar
 Ukraine
Unknown number donated by Poland starting in July 2022

Failed bids
 Peru: the PT-91 was proposed to the Peruvian Army to replace its T-55s, but was not selected.